vix Latin · revision 9858
17 Oct 2026, 00:24 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=itc-pro *wiks}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwɪks]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈviks]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''vix''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is probably [[inh|itc-pro|*wiks]], [[inh|ine-pro|*wik-|t=bond, tie; turn]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan follows Walde and Hofmann in deriving it from the root of [[vincō]]: ⟨*wik-s⟩ could be the nominative of a root noun “bond, tie” or “victory”, or a locative plural ⟨*wik-su⟩ “within bonds”, like [[mox]] “soon” from ⟨*moḱsu⟩; the meaning “bond” leads most easily to “hardly”.^(de Vaan 2008) A derivation from ⟨*wiki-⟩ “turn, occasion”, as in [[vicis]], is semantically possible but morphologically harder.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD calls the etymology doubtful.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant with difficulty, hardly, not easily, as in Cicero's ''dīcī vix potest'' “it can hardly be said”, and hardly at all, scarcely, barely, only just, as in Plautus and Caesar, ''vix et aegrē'' meant with great difficulty, as in Apuleius, and ''vixdum'' scarcely yet.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant hardly, scarcely, with effort.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for with difficulty.^(DMLBS) Romanian ''abia'' and Spanish ''abés'' come from a reshaped form.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adverb===
+ # With difficulty, [[m|en|hardly]], not easily.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Scarcely, barely, only just.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[vixdum]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[vicis]]
+ * [[vinciō]]
+ * [[vincō]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}