circumfero Latin · revision 9641

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Cato|origins=ine-pro *bʰer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kɪrˈkũː.fɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [t͡ʃirˈkum.fe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''circumferō''' (present infinitive circumferre, perfect active circumtulī, supine circumlātum); third conjugation, suppletive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|circum-|ferō|t1=around|t2=to carry]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨ferō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*fere/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*bʰer-e/o-|t=to carry]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Among the OLD's earliest citations is Cato, of carrying ritual objects round for purification, and Plautus uses it of passing food and drink round a company.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC and Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to carry or move round in a circle, as in Virgil; to carry round in a circuit, the present participle being used in geometry of a point tracing a circle, as in Pliny; to carry ritual objects round in purification, as in Cato and Virgil; to pass food or drink round; and to carry round for show or sale, as in Seneca.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gaffiot quotes Virgil's ''ter Trōius hērōs immānem aerātō circumfert tegmine silicem''.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Figuratively it meant to spread around war, fire or terror, as in Livy and Tacitus, and in Ecclesiastical Latin to carry about, divulge.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995) Its noun ''circumferentia'' gave [[m|en|circumference]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of passing things round.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of ritual purification.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of moving round.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To carry or move round in a [[m|en|circle]], (passive) to revolve.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To carry round on a circular course, (present participle, geometry) tracing a circle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(religion)'' To carry ritual objects round a person or place to [[m|en|purify]] it.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To pass food, drink or other things round a company.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To carry round to show off, for sale or as an example.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To spread around (war, fire, terror), ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' to [[m|en|divulge]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circumferentia]]

+ * [[circumlaticius]]

+ * [[circumlātiō]]

+ * [[circumlator]]

+ * [[circumlātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[adferō]]

+ * [[afferō]]

+ * [[auferō]]

+ * [[cōnferō]]

+ * [[dēferō]]

+ * [[differō]]

+ * [[efferō]]

+ * [[ferō]]

+ * [[īnferō]]

+ * [[intrōferō]]

+ * [[circus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}