sum Latin · revision 9634

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Old Latin inscriptions|origins=ine-pro *h₁es-, ine-pro *bʰuH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sum''' (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future active participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*es-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁es-|t=to be]].^(de Vaan 2008) The verb is suppletive: its present forms continue ⟨*h₁es-⟩, while the perfect ⟨fuī⟩ and all the forms in /f-/ (including ⟨fore⟩, and the separate verb [[fīō]] “to become”) continue [[ine-pro|*bʰuH-|t=to become, grow]], the root that also gave the endings of the future in ⟨-bō⟩ and the imperfect in ⟨-bam⟩.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The shape of the first person ⟨sum⟩ is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008) Archaic Latin had ⟨esom⟩ and Old Latin ⟨esum⟩ beside the clipped forms in /s-/, which probably arose as unstressed clitics.^(Wiktionary) Joseph and Wallace derived ⟨esom⟩ from ⟨*esmi⟩ by sound change in enclitic position, but Dunkel and Schrijver explain Proto-Italic ⟨*esom⟩ as the old thematic subjunctive ⟨*es-e/o-⟩, also found in Celtic.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognates include [[osc|súm|t=I am]], [[xum|est|t=is]], [[hit|𒂊𒍪|tr=ēšzi|t=is]], [[sa|अस्ति|tr=ásti|t=is]], [[grc|εἰμί|tr=eimí|t=I am]], [[sga|is|t=is]] and [[sq|jam|t=I am]].^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD also compares English ⟨am⟩ and ⟨be⟩.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's earliest attestations are very old Latin inscriptions: ''esed'' “will be” on the Forum cippus, ''sied'' on the Duenos inscription, ''esom'' “I am” on the Garigliano bowl, and ''estod'' in a sacred law.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD's earliest literary citations are from Plautus and Ennius.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From its basic senses, to be alive and to exist, be real, as in Plautus and Ennius, it was used of being found or occurring in a place or circumstance, of a state of affairs obtaining, as already in the Twelve Tables, and with the dative of something belonging to someone (''est mihi'' “I have”).^(OLD 2012) As a copula it joined subject and complement (to be of a kind, be equal to, amount to), ''est ut'' meant “it is the case that”, and with an infinitive it meant to be possible, as in Terence.^(OLD 2012) With the perfect participle it formed the perfect passive, already in Plautus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Old Latin had a future ''escit'' “will be”, in the Twelve Tables and Lucretius, and ''superescit'' “will be over” in Ennius and Accius.^(de Vaan 2008) In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to be, exist, belong to, pertain to.^(Stelten 1995) It continues as Italian ''essere'', Old French ''estre'', Portuguese ''ser'' and Romanian ''fi''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it as a copula and as an auxiliary.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of real existence.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be alive, (of things) to [[m|en|exist]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To have physical being, be real.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be found, occur, be present (in a place or circumstance).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with dative)'' To belong to, be the property of: ''est mihi'' “I have”.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''est ut'': it is the case that.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with infinitive)'' To be possible or allowable.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(as a [[m|en|copula]])'' To be (of a kind, in a condition); to be equal to, amount to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(as an [[m|en|auxiliary verb]])'' Forming the perfect passive with the perfect participle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To belong to, pertain to.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[absum]]

+ * [[adsum]]

+ * [[cōnfūtō]]

+ * [[dēsum]]

+ * [[essentia]]

+ * [[exsum]]

+ * [[īnsum]]

+ * [[intersum]]

+ * [[obsum]]

+ * [[praesum]]

+ * [[praetersum]]

+ * [[prōsum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[posse]]

+ * [[sōns]]

+ * [[fīō]]

+ * [[possum]]

+ * [[absēns]]

+ * [[praesēns]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate Old Latin ''sum'' is the masculine accusative singular of a pronoun, meaning ''eum'' “him”, with feminine ''sam'' and plural ''sōs'', ''sās'', and Festus quotes it from Ennius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}