noxius Latin · revision 9589

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *neḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈnɔk.si.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈnɔk.si.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''noxius''' (feminine noxia, neuter noxium); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Seneca has a superlative ''noxissimus'' or ''noxiissimus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[noxa]] “harm, offence” with the suffix [[-ius]]; ⟨noxa⟩ is from [[noceō]] “to harm”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan traces ⟨noceō⟩ to [[ine-pro|*noḱ-éye-|t=to make disappear, cause death]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of the guilty.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant guilty, delinquent, as in Plautus, and harmful, injurious, noxious, as in Celsus, Cicero and Pliny the Elder, and Virgil has ''crīmina noxia'' “guilty charges”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for physically harmful, also in medicine.^(DMLBS) [[en|noxious]] (about 1500) is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the harmful.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1500 – English ''noxious'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|guilty|alt=Guilty]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Harmful, [[m|en|noxious]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[innoxius]]

+ * [[pernoxius]]

+ * [[noxia]]

+ * [[noxietās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[noceō]]

+ * [[noxa]]

+ * [[noxālis]]

+ * [[noxiālis]]

+ * [[noxiōsus]]

+ * [[noxitūdō]]

+ * [[obnoxius]]

+ * [[en|noxious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}