pastoralis Latin · revision 9581

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Varro|origins=ine-pro *peh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [paːs.toːˈraː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [pas.toˈraː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pāstōrālis''' (neuter pāstōrāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[pāstor]] “shepherd” with the suffix [[-ālis]]; ⟨pāstor⟩ is from [[pāscō]] “to graze”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan traces ⟨pāscō⟩ to [[ine-pro|*peh₂-s-|t=to protect, herd]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD, Lewis & Short and Köbler cite Varro, ''vīta pāstōrālis'' “a shepherd's life”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Varro 116–27 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant of herdsmen or shepherds, pastoral, as in Varro, Cicero, of Romulus, and Livy, and Apollo was called ''pāstōrālis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In the Church it meant of a pastor, a bishop or an abbot, episcopal, abbatial, and watchful.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995) As a noun ''pāstōrāle'' was a pasture.^(Niermeyer 1976) British Medieval Latin had ''canis pāstōrālis'' “sheepdog” and ''carmen pāstōrāle'' a pastoral poem.^(DMLBS) [[en|pastoral]] (early 15th century) came through Old French and directly from Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''pastoral'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of shepherds or herdsmen, [[m|en|pastoral]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Of a pastor; episcopal, abbatial.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' (''pāstōrāle'') A [[m|en|pasture]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pāstor]]

+ * [[pāscō]]

+ * [[pāstus]]

+ * [[en|pastoral]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}