incensus Latin · revision 9542
16 Oct 2026, 19:02 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{homograph|1|burning, ardent}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la candeō}}
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''incēnsus''' (feminine incēnsa, neuter incēnsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ This is the perfect participle of [[incendō]] “to set on fire”, from [[in-]] and ⟨*cendō⟩, related to [[candeō]] “to shine, glow”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan traces ⟨candeō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*kand-ē-|t=to shine]].^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's earliest source is Cicero, whom he dates 81–43 BC, and the OLD cites him for the sense ardent.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ As a participle it meant set on fire, burnt; as an adjective radiant, glowing, as in Petronius, and impassioned, ardent, inflamed, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant incensed.^(Stelten 1995) Its neuter, Late Latin ''incēnsum'' “that which is burnt”, became incense: through Old French ''encens'' it gave [[en|incense]] in the late 13th century.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the ardent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * before 66 AD – Petronius uses it of the glowing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 13th century – English ''incense'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Burnt, set on fire; radiant, glowing.^(OLD 2012)
+ # [[m|en|impassioned|alt=Impassioned]], ardent, [[m|en|incensed]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[incēnsum]]
+
+ {{homograph|2|unregistered}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=ine-pro *ḱens-}}
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''incēnsus''' (feminine incēnsa, neuter incēnsum); first/second-declension adjective^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ This is from [[in-]] “not” and ⟨cēnsus⟩, participle of [[cēnseō]] “to assess, register”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010) The Thesaurus compares Oscan ⟨ancensto⟩ “unregistered”.^(TLL)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Gaffiot and Köbler cite Cicero, ''Pro Caecina''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant not registered at the census, not assessed, of one who had not given in an account of himself and his property, as in Cicero and Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ Medieval Latin used ''incēnsus'' for a rent, a ''cēnsus''.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Not registered at the [[m|en|census]], unassessed.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ===Noun===
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A rent.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[incendō]]
+ * [[cēnseō]]
+ * [[en|incense]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}