frugalis Latin · revision 9520

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *bʰrewHg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [fruːˈɡaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [fruˈɡaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''frūgālis''' (neuter frūgāle, comparative frūgālior, superlative frūgālissimus, adverb frūgāliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[frūx]] “produce”, plural ⟨frūgēs⟩, with the suffix [[-ālis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) The Thesaurus thinks it was drawn back from the adverb ⟨frūgāliter⟩ and the comparative ⟨frūgālior⟩.^(TLL) The undeclined adjective [[frūgī]] “useful, honest, thrifty” is the dative of ⟨frūx⟩.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of the comparative ''frūgālior''.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It served as the comparative and superlative of ''frūgī'': ''frūgālior'', ''frūgālissimus'' “more, most thrifty, sober, honest”, as in Plautus, Terence and Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The positive ''frūgālis'' is rare, and Quintilian criticises it as pedantry, and an inscription has it.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Apuleius used it for “of produce, of the harvest”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for of good character, sober, and thrifty, sparing.^(DMLBS) [[en|frugal]] came through French in the 1590s, “economical in use”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''frūgālior''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''frūgālissimus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian criticises the positive.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1590s – English ''frugal'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Sober, temperate, honest; thrifty, [[m|en|frugal]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of produce, of the harvest.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[frūgālitās]]

+ * [[frūgāliter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frūctus]]

+ * [[frūgēscō]]

+ * [[frūgifer]]

+ * [[fruor]]

+ * [[frūx]]

+ * [[frūgī]]

+ * [[en|frugal]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Classical Latin the positive degree is normally the indeclinable ''frūgī'', ''frūgālis'' supplies the comparative and superlative.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}