efferus Latin · revision 9480

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰwer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɛf.fɛ.rʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɛf.fe.rus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''efferus''' (feminine effera, neuter efferum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Accius may have ''ecferus'' (a conjecture).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The OLD takes it as a back-formation from [[efferō]] “to make wild”, and the Thesaurus as formed from ⟨efferātus⟩ after [[ferus]] “wild”, and Wiktionary and Gaffiot analyse it as [[ex-]] and ⟨ferus⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary)^(Gaffiot 2016) De Vaan traces ⟨ferus⟩ to [[itc-pro|*χwero-]], from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰweh₁r-|t=wild animal]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Lucretius, of an untamed race.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Lucretius 96–55 BC; he also lists Accius.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant untamed, uncivilised, savage, of people and animals, and of places wild, as in Lucretius' ''effera prōlēs''; and savage in character or conduct, fierce, cruel, as in Virgil, who uses it often.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Lewis & Short call it poetic and post-classical.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for savage, untamed, as in Aldhelm's savage fury of the waves.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius may use it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it often.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Untamed, [[m|en|savage]], wild.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Fierce, cruel.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[efferasco]]

+ * [[efferitās]]

+ * [[efferō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ferus]]

+ * [[fera]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}