calcitro Latin · revision 9442

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la calx}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkaɫ.kɪ.troː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkal̠ʲ.t͡ʃi.tro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calcitrō''' (present infinitive calcitrāre, perfect active calcitrāvī, supine calcitrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from ⟨*calcitrum⟩ “a kick”, from [[calx]] “heel” with the suffix [[-trum]] (compare [[tālitrum]]), and the verb suffix [[-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨calx⟩ “heel” unclear; some suggest a non-Indo-European, perhaps Etruscan, source.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Cicero, of being refractory.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to kick with the heels, of animals, as in Ovid and Pliny the Elder, and figuratively to be refractory, kick against something, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to kick.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it figuratively.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of kicking.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|kick]] with the heels.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be refractory, [[m|en|resist]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[calcitrātus]]

+ * [[calcitrōsus]]

+ * [[recalcitrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calx]]

+ * [[calcō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A noun ''calcitrō'', genitive ''-ōnis'', “a kicker”, is found in Varro, of a horse, and in Plautus, of someone who kicks at doors.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}