vehemens Latin · revision 9436

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwe.(ɦ)ɛ.mẽːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvɛː.e.mens]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vehemēns''' (genitive vehementis, comparative vehementior, superlative vehementissimus, adverb vehementer); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Also ''vēmēns'' (from Cicero on, and always in Lucretius) and ''veemēns'', and Catullus and Horace scan it as two syllables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is disputed.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[vehō]] “to carry”, and follows Guiraud in taking ⟨vehemēns⟩ as the older form, meaning “one who gets carried away”, and Walde's derivation from a middle participle ⟨*weghemenos⟩, which the OLD gives, can no longer be held.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary reports the analysis ⟨vehō⟩ + [[mēns]] “mind”, “carried away in mind”, and an older view, essentially that of Lewis & Short, with a first element [[vē-]] “out of”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and the OLD date it from Plautus, of a violent natural force.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of natural forces it meant exerting great force, violent, as in Plautus; of physical action violent, vigorous; of people acting with energy, forceful, strenuous, as in Cicero; imperious, powerful; given to violent extremes, as in Terence; and in Columella thick, stout.^(OLD 2012) Gaffiot also gives impetuous, passionate, and severe, rigorous, as in Cicero.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant violent, furious, vigorous, eager, ardent.^(Stelten 1995) [[en|vehement]] came through Old French ''vehement'' in the early 15th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of a violent man.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of forceful people.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''vehement'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Violent, forceful; vigorous.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Energetic, strenuous; [[m|en|impetuous|alt=Impetuous]], passionate, [[m|en|vehement]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # Powerful, overmastering.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Severe, rigorous.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # Thick, stout.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vehementer]]

+ * [[vehō]]

+ * [[en|vehement]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}