ratus Latin · revision 9323

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *Hreh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈra.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈraː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ratus''' (feminine rata, neuter ratum); first/second-declension participle^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the perfect participle of [[reor]] “to reckon, think”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan reconstructs [[itc-pro|*rato-|t=thought, counted]], from [[ine-pro|*Hr̥h₁-tó-]], and compares [[got|𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉|tr=raþjō|t=number, account]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ The old sense “counted” survives in ⟨prō ratā parte⟩ “in proportion”, and [[ratiō]] was formed from it.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates ''reor'' and ''ratus'' from Plautus, and Köbler lists Plautus first.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Reckoned, then fixed and valid: in Cicero it meant having legal force, ratified, and in Terence regarded as valid, established; it also meant determined, fixed, certain, as in Cicero's ''mōtūs ratī'' “fixed motions” of the heavens.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) ''Rata pars'' “a fixed proportion” and ''prō ratā (parte)'' “in proportion” are the source of [[en|rate]] (early 15th century) through Medieval Latin ''rata''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant valid, settled, ratified, reckoned.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for accepted, acceptable.^(Niermeyer 1976) Medieval Latin ''ratificāre'' “to confirm”, from ''ratus'', gave [[en|ratify]] in the 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''reor'' and its participle.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of what is held valid.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of legal validity and in ''prō ratā parte''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''rate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Having legal force, [[m|en|valid]], ratified.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Regarded as valid, established.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|fixed|alt=Fixed]], determined, certain.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Accepted, acceptable.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[irritus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[reor]]

+ * [[ratiō]]

+ * [[en|rate]]

+ * [[en|ratify]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}