officialis Latin · revision 9163

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ulpian|origins=la officium}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɔf.fɪ.kiˈaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [of.fi.t͡ʃiˈaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''officiālis''' (neuter officiāle, adverb officiāliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[officium]] “duty, service” with the suffix [[-ālis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Ulpian, of services owed by a freedman.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ulpian before 223 AD.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant connected with duty or obligation; in Ulpian ''operae officiālēs'' were services a freedman gave his patron out of personal obligation.^(OLD 2012) As a noun it meant an official attending a magistrate, as in Apuleius.^(OLD 2012) Lactantius uses it of what concerns duty, and calls books on duties ''librī officiālēs''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short call it post-classical.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant a member of a craft guild and one in charge of an office, and an ''officiālis'' was a bishop's judicial officer.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) Through Old French ''oficial'' it gave [[en|official]] in the early 14th century, first a minor ecclesiastical court officer.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–317 AD – Lactantius uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 14th century – English ''official'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of duty or obligation; [[m|en|official]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # An attendant of a magistrate, an official.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A bishop's judge.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[officium]]

+ * [[en|official]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}