gravo Latin · revision 8540

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la gravis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡra.woː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡraː.vo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gravō''' (present infinitive gravāre, perfect active gravāvī, supine gravātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[gravis]] “heavy” with the verb suffix ⟨-ō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of the passive “to show reluctance”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to load, weigh down, as in Cicero, and of sleep, sickness or old age to oppress, overpower, as in Virgil; in Livy it meant to aggravate troubles.^(OLD 2012) In the passive it meant to feel burdened, to be reluctant, object, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note it is mostly poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ It survives in Italian ''gravare'' and Spanish ''gravar'' “to tax”.^(Wiktionary) Through Old French ''grever'' it gave [[en|grieve]] about 1200, first “to make worried; to be painful”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses the passive.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of weighing down.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of sleep.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''grieve'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To load, weigh down.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To oppress, overpower.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|aggravate]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # (passive) To feel burdened; to be reluctant.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēgravō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gravis]]

+ * [[aggravō]]

+ * [[en|grieve]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}