affirmo Latin · revision 8482

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la firmus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [afˈfɪr.moː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [afˈfir.mo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''affirmō''' (present infinitive affirmāre, perfect active affirmāvī, supine affirmātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''adfirmō''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[ad-]] and [[firmō]] “to strengthen”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero, of asserting.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Cicero it meant to assert positively, affirm, swear, promise, and in Livy to confirm.^(OLD 2012) In Quintilian a word or gesture expresses affirmation, and in Apuleius it meant to strengthen physically.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to affirm, prove, support, strengthen.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''affermare'', French ''affirmer'' and Spanish ''afirmar'', and through Old French it gave [[en|affirm]] about 1300, first “to decide upon”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of asserting.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of confirming.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''affirm'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To confirm.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To assert, [[m|en|affirm]]; to swear.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To express affirmation.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To strengthen.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[affirmātiō]]

+ * [[affirmātīvus]]

+ * [[affirmator]]

+ * [[affirmanter]]

+ * [[affirmātē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[firmō]]

+ * [[firmus]]

+ * [[cōnfirmō]]

+ * [[en|affirm]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}