superbus Latin · revision 8459

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=Plautus|origins=la super}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [sʊˈpɛr.bʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [suˈpɛr.bus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''superbus''' (feminine superba, neuter superbum, comparative superbior, superlative superbissimus, adverb superbē or superbiter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[super]] “above” and a second element ⟨-bus⟩ that the OLD and Etymonline take to be the root of ⟨fuī⟩ “I was” (Proto-Indo-European ⟨*bʰuH-⟩ “to grow, be”), formed like [[probus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) Wiktionary instead derives it from Proto-Italic ⟨*superiðos⟩, from ⟨super⟩ with the suffix [[-idus]].^(Wiktionary) Lewis & Short compare [[grc|ὑπέρβιος|tr=hupérbios|t=overweening]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of proud, haughty people.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant proud, haughty, disdainful, and was the epithet of Tarquin, the last king of Rome (''Tarquinius Superbus''), in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) It also described faces, words and the trappings of power that showed pride, honours that were a source of pride, as in Virgil, and grand, sumptuous buildings, as in Catullus.^(OLD 2012) Columella names a variety of pear ''superba''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''superbia'', which looks down on others, from ''arrogantia'', which claims what others owe.^(Döderlein 1874) In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant arrogant, proud, insolent.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Spanish ''soberbio'' and Portuguese ''soberbo'', and through French ''superbe'' it gave [[en|superb]] in the 1540s, “noble, magnificent”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of proud people.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of grand things.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero names Tarquin ''Superbus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English ''superb'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Proud]], [[m|en|haughty]], disdainful.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Showing pride.^(OLD 2012)

+ # That is a source of pride.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Grand, sumptuous, [[m|en|superb]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[superbia]]

+ * [[superbificus]]

+ * [[superbiloquentia]]

+ * [[superbiō]]

+ * [[superbē]]

+ * [[superbiter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[arrogans]]

+ * [[insolens]]

+ * [[fastidiosus]]

+ * [[vanus]]

+ * [[elatus]]

+ * [[super]]

+ * [[en|superb]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}