angustus Latin · revision 8455

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂emǵʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [aŋˈɡʊs.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [aŋˈɡus.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''angustus''' (feminine angusta, neuter angustum, comparative angustior, superlative angustissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*angosto-|t=narrow]], from the s-stem noun seen in [[angor]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂emǵʰ-os-to-|t=characterized by narrowness]], from [[ine-pro|*h₂emǵʰ-|t=to tie, tighten]], the root of [[angō]] “to squeeze”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan notes that the s-stem must be old, since Germanic and Slavic have it too.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sa|अंहु|tr=aṃhú-|t=narrow]], [[grc|ἄγχω|tr=ánkhō|t=to squeeze, strangle]], [[goh|angust|t=fear]] and [[ru|у́зить|tr=úzitʹ|t=to make narrow]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first source is Plautus, whom Köbler dates c. 250–184 BC.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of narrow space.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant narrow, confined, of space, and of objects narrow or thin, as in Caesar.^(OLD 2012) In Tibullus it meant crowded; in Cicero scarce, restricted, and of credit tight; in Lucretius poor, humble.^(OLD 2012) Cicero also used it for restricted, limited, petty or mean, and of situations pressing, difficult; in Virgil it meant short in time.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''angustus'' and ''artus'', which refer to the limits of a space, from ''dēnsus'' and ''spissus'', which refer to things close together in it.^(Döderlein 1874) In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant narrow, constricted, difficult.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it of cramped buildings and of the narrow way of Matthew 7:14.^(DMLBS) It survives in Romanian ''îngust'' and Spanish ''angosto''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of narrow space.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of limited means and petty minds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a short time.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Narrow]], confined, small.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Thin, tapering.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Crowded.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Scarce; poor.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Limited; short.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Mean, petty.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of situations) Pressing, difficult.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[angustia]]

+ * [[angusticlāvius]]

+ * [[angustitas]]

+ * [[angustō]]

+ * [[angustum]]

+ * [[perangustus]]

+ * [[angustē]]

+ * [[angusti-]]

+ * [[coangustus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[angiportus]]

+ * [[angor]]

+ * [[angō]]

+ * [[en|anguish]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}