grates Latin · revision 8437

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷerH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡraː.teːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡraː.tes]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''grātēs''' ''f pl'' (genitive grātium); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is used only in the plural, mostly in the accusative, and Tacitus has the ablative ''grātibus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to [[grātus]] “pleasing, thankful”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The OLD takes it to be probably cognate with [[sa|गीर्|tr=gī́r|t=hymn of praise]] and [[lt|girti|t=to praise]], and Köbler traces the root to Proto-Indo-European ⟨*gʷerH-⟩ “to praise”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, in ''grātēs habēre'' “to be thankful”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant thanks, especially those given to the gods, in phrases such as ''grātēs agere'' “to give thanks” in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Lewis & Short note that ''grātiās agere'' was the usual form for thanks to people.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant thanks.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for thanks rendered to God and to others, as in Gildas.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has ''grātēs habēre''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero has ''grātēs agere''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses the ablative ''grātibus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Thanks]], especially to the gods, ''grātēs agere'', to give thanks.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[grātuītus]]

+ * [[grātulor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grātus]]

+ * [[grātia]]

+ * [[grātor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}