crudeliter Latin · revision 8367

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Caesar|origins=la crūdus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kruːˈdeː.lɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kruˈdɛː.li.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crūdēliter''' (comparative crūdēlius, superlative crūdēlissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[crūdēlis]] “cruel” with the adverb suffix [[-ter]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Georges and Gaffiot cite Caesar and Cicero.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) Köbler's first source is Cicero, whom he dates 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant cruelly, savagely, relentlessly, and in Ovid with cruel effect.^(OLD 2012) Caesar uses it of torturing and of giving harsh orders, and Cicero has the comparative ''crūdēlius'' and the superlative ''crūdēlissimē''.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Aldhelm and other British Medieval Latin writers used it for cruelly and deplorably.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of cruel effects.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|Cruelly]], savagely, relentlessly.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crūdēlis]]

+ * [[crūdēlitās]]

+ * [[crūdus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}