ultra Latin · revision 8329
16 Oct 2026, 16:02 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cato|origins=la ūls}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈʊɫ.traː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈul.tra]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''ultrā''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[ūls]] “beyond” with the suffix ⟨-ter⟩ and the adverb ending ⟨-ā⟩, formed like [[citrā]], [[intrā]] and [[extrā]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Köbler compares Proto-Indo-European ⟨*al-⟩ “beyond”, the root of [[ille]] and [[alius]].^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation for the preposition is from Cato, “beyond”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Plautus, whom he dates c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ As an adverb it meant on the far side, beyond, as in Varro, and Virgil has ''nec citrā mōta nec ultrā'' “moved neither this way nor that”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Sallust it meant thereafter, in Cicero further, more, and in Lucretius besides.^(OLD 2012) As a preposition with the accusative it meant beyond, of place in Cato, of time in Livy, and of degree in Sallust, and Horace used it after negatives for “except”.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ British Medieval Latin used it for beyond, farther away.^(DMLBS) English uses the prefix [[m|en|ultra-]], and [[en|ultra]] as a noun for an extremist from 1817, at first of French ultra-royalists.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it as a preposition.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it as an adverb.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of time.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1817 – English ''ultra'' “extremist” is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adverb===
+ # [[m|en|Beyond]], on the far side.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Thereafter.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Further, more; besides.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ===Preposition===
+ # (with accusative) Beyond (in place, time or degree).^(OLD 2012)
+ # Except for.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[ultrāmundānus]]
+ * [[ultrātus]]
+ * [[ultrō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[ūls]]
+ * [[ulterior]]
+ * [[ultimus]]
+ * [[citrā]]
+ * [[en|ultra]]
+ * [[en|ultra-]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}