turbo Latin · revision 8227
16 Oct 2026, 15:35 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{homograph|1|to disturb}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la turba}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtʊr.boː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtur.bo]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''turbō''' (present infinitive turbāre, perfect active turbāvī, supine turbātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+ Cicero has the archaic ''turbāssitur'' for ''turbātum erit''.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The verb is from [[turba]] “turmoil, crowd”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of behaving in a disorderly way.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ In Plautus it meant to make a disturbance, run riot, to throw a state of affairs into confusion, and to alarm, confound someone.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant to stir up the sea or ground, in Horace to make water muddy, in Lucretius to throw into disorder, in Propertius to disturb someone's rest, and in Virgil to stir the passions.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to disturb, trouble, dismay, confuse, agitate.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Spanish ''turbar'', Romanian ''turba'' and Catalan ''torbar''.^(Wiktionary) Its compounds include ''disturbō'' and ''perturbō'', whence [[en|disturb]] in the late 13th century, and its adjective ''turbidus'' gave [[en|turbid]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of disorder and confusion.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of stirring up the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of muddying water.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To make a disturbance.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To stir up, agitate; to make [[m|en|turbid]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To throw into disorder, [[m|en|disrupt]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To disturb; to rouse.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To confound, alarm.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[turbinātiō]]
+ * [[turbinātus]]
+ * [[turbineus]]
+ * [[conturbō]]
+ * [[dēturbō]]
+ * [[disturbō]]
+ * [[exturbō]]
+ * [[interturbō]]
+ * [[inturbātus]]
+ * [[obturbō]]
+ * [[perturbō]]
+ * [[prōturbō]]
+
+ {{homograph|2|whirl, whirlwind}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la turba}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtʊr.boː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtur.bo]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''turbō''' ''m'' (genitive turbinis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+ Tibullus has a nominative ''turben'', and Caesar recommended the inflection ''turbōnem''.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The noun is from [[turba]] “turmoil”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Isidore defines it as the whirling of winds, named from the earth (⟨terra⟩) that the wind sweeps round.^(Isidore)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of a spinning top.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Catullus.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant something that spins, a top, as in Plautus, and in Ennius a whirlwind, tornado.^(OLD 2012) In Seneca it meant a whirlpool, in Lucretius a spinning motion, as of a sling before release, and in Ovid a cone.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''vertex'' and ''turbō'' are whirlwinds, ''vertex'' a weak one that raises the dust, ''turbō'' a strong, destructive one.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ It survives in Italian ''turbine'' and Spanish ''turbión''.^(Wiktionary) Its stem ''turbin-'' gave French ''turbine'', whence [[en|turbine]] in 1838.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a top.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of a whirlwind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1838 – English ''turbine'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A spinning [[m|en|top]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|whirlwind]], tornado.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|whirlpool]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A spinning motion.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A cone.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[turbinātiō]]
+ * [[turbinātus]]
+ * [[turbineus]]
+ * [[conturbō]]
+ * [[dēturbō]]
+ * [[disturbō]]
+ * [[exturbō]]
+ * [[interturbō]]
+ * [[inturbātus]]
+ * [[obturbō]]
+ * [[perturbō]]
+ * [[prōturbō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[turba]]
+ * [[turbidus]]
+ * [[vertex]]
+ * [[en|turbine]]
+ * [[en|disturb]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}