crudelis Latin · revision 8199

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la crūdus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kruːˈdeː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kruˈdɛː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crūdēlis''' (neuter crūdēle, comparative crūdēlior, superlative crūdēlissimus, adverb crūdēliter or crūdēle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[crūdus]] “raw, bloody” with the suffix [[-ēlis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Plautus, whom he dates c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant cruel, merciless, savage, of people, and of actions, inhuman, with ''crūdēle est'' “it is cruel to”, as in Cicero; of events it meant painful, piteous.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant cruel.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it of people, beasts, instruments, acts and qualities.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''crudele'' and French, Spanish and Portuguese ''cruel'', and through Old French it gave [[en|cruel]] about 1200.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of people, acts and events.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''cruel'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Cruel]], merciless.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Savage, inhuman.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Painful, piteous.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crūdēlitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crūdēlē]]

+ * [[crūdēliter]]

+ * [[crūdescō]]

+ * [[crūditas]]

+ * [[crūditātiō]]

+ * [[crūditō]]

+ * [[crūdus]]

+ * [[en|cruel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}