immunis Latin · revision 8157
16 Oct 2026, 15:32 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la mūnus}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪmˈmuː.nɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [imˈmuː.nis]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''immūnis''' (neuter immūne); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ It is also spelled ''inmūnis'' and ''immoenis''.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[in-]] “not” and ⟨-mūnis⟩ “owing a duty”, as in [[commūnis]], related to [[mūnus]] “duty, service”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of someone not paying his share.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant not doing one's part, not paying one's share, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant exempt from tribute or taxes, and exempt from duties, and in Virgil having no share in, free from.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant immune, free from, preserved.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for guiltless, enjoying the privilege of immunity, private, and deprived of something.^(Niermeyer 1976) British Medieval Latin used it of people and land exempt from exactions.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''immune'' and Spanish ''inmune'', and gave [[en|immune]] in the mid-15th century, “free, exempt”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of not paying one's share.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of exemption from taxes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-15th century – English ''immune'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Not doing one's part; not paying one's share.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Exempt from taxes; exempt from duties.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Free (from), having no share (in).^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Guiltless; enjoying [[m|en|immunity]].^(Niermeyer 1976)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[immūnitās]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[mūnus]]
+ * [[commūnis]]
+ * [[en|immune]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}