communio Latin · revision 8140
16 Oct 2026, 15:27 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{homograph|1|to fortify}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la mūniō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [kɔmˈmuː.ni.oː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [komˈmuː.ni.o]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''commūniō''' (present infinitive commūnīre, perfect active commūnīvī, supine commūnītum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+ It is also spelled ''commoeniō''.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The verb is from [[con-]] and [[mūniō]] “to fortify”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of fortifying a place.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to surround a place with fortifications, to fortify, as in Plautus, and in Cicero figuratively to strengthen, reinforce.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to fortify, make very secure.^(Stelten 1995)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of fortifying.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of strengthening.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To [[m|en|fortify]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To strengthen, reinforce.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[commūnītiō]]
+
+ {{homograph|2|sharing, communion}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la commūnis}}
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''commūniō''' ''f'' (genitive commūniōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The noun is from [[commūnis]] “common” with the suffix [[-iō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero, of sharing.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant mutual participation, sharing of rights or ownership, and common qualities, kinship, as in Cicero, and in Apuleius a union.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Christian Latin it meant friendly intercourse, the union of Christians, and Holy Communion.^(Niermeyer 1976) Ecclesiastical Latin uses it for communion, the sharing of the Eucharist, the spiritual bond among the baptized, and ''commūniō lāica'' the lay state.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for common ownership and participation in civic rights.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''comunione'', French ''communion'' and Spanish ''comunión'', and through Old French it gave [[en|communion]] in the late 14th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of sharing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of a union.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''communion'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # Sharing, participation.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Kinship, association.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A union.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' The union of Christians, and Holy [[m|en|Communion]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[commūnītiō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[commūnis]]
+ * [[commūnicō]]
+ * [[mūniō]]
+ * [[en|communion]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}