barba Latin · revision 8137

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *bʰardʰéh₂}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈbar.ba]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈbar.ba]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''barba''' ''f'' (genitive barbae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*farðā]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰardʰéh₂|t=beard]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) Since PIE /bʰ/ normally became /f/ at the start of a Latin word, the expected form is ⟨*farba⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Walde–Hofmann and Ernout–Meillet explain the initial /b/ by assimilation to the /rb/ inside the word.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan adds that the /a/ of the root is hard to explain by ablaut and rather points to a non-Indo-European word borrowed into the European languages.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[cu|брада|tr=brada]], [[lt|barzdà]], [[goh|bart]] and [[ang|beard]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of a man's beard.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a beard, in the plural a large or unkempt one, and the golden beard of a god's statue in Varro.^(OLD 2012) Lucilius has phrases for growing and shaving the beard, and Horace the proverb ''barbam vellere'', to tweak someone's beard as an insult.^(OLD 2012) In Virgil it was used of animals, in Pliny the Elder of plants, and ''Iovis barba'' “Jupiter's beard” was a shrub.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a beard.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin also used it of a beast's beard and of the wattle of a fowl.^(DMLBS) It survives in every Romance language, as Romanian ''barbă'', Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''barba''.^(DÉRom)^(Wiktionary) In Dalmatian, Istriot, northern Italian, Friulian, Ladin and Romansh a masculine ''barba'' also means “uncle”, the Medieval Latin ''barba'' “paternal uncle”.^(DÉRom)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a beard.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius has phrases for growing and shaving it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of animals.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of plants.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|beard]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # The beard of an animal.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A beard-like growth on a plant.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''Iovis barba'', a shrub.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The [[m|en|wattle]] of a fowl.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[barbātōria]]

+ * [[barbātus]]

+ * [[barbiger]]

+ * [[barbitium]]

+ * [[barbula]]

+ * [[barbus]]

+ * [[imberbis]]

+ * [[imberbus]]

+ * [[illūtibarbus]]

+ * [[barbescō]]

+ * [[barbiō]]

+ * [[malebarbis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|beard]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Barba'' is also a Roman cognomen, as of Cassius Barba, a friend of Caesar.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}