urgeo Latin · revision 8130

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈʊr.ɡe.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈur.d͡ʒe.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''urgeō''' (present infinitive urgēre, perfect active ursī); second conjugation, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''urgueō'' is frequent after Augustus; the perfect ''ursī'' is rare and there is no participle.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is disputed.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan, following Schrijver, derives it from [[itc-pro|*worg-eje/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*u(o)rǵʰ-eie-]], from a root meaning “to tie, bind”, which is also behind [[lt|ver̃žti|t=to string, tighten, squeeze]], [[goh|wurgen|t=to strangle]] and [[non|virgill|t=noose]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) He argues that the oldest uses, in Plautus, mean “to weigh down on”, from which “to insist” and “to impel” follow easily.^(de Vaan 2008) The LIV instead puts it under a root meaning “to follow a track”, through “to hunt down”, a shift de Vaan finds far-fetched.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first attestation is Plautus, and the OLD's earliest citation for weighing down is from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to press down with a weight, as in Plautus, and in Cicero to press, squeeze, crowd.^(OLD 2012) In Lucretius it meant to push, thrust, and in Virgil to drive on, impel, and in the passive to push forward.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it was used of pains, cares and troublesome people bearing hard on someone, and in Caesar of pressing an enemy hard in battle.^(OLD 2012) Virgil also used it of pursuit, of hills hemming in a place and of fate threatening.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant to ply someone with demands or questions, to press an opponent with objections, to insist on a point, and to urge someone to act, and in Plautus circumstances or impulses urged a course.^(OLD 2012) Cicero also used it of pressing on with work and following up a success.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It survives in Italian ''urgere'' and Spanish and Portuguese ''urgir''.^(Wiktionary) It gave [[en|urge]] in the 1550s, and its participle ''urgēns'' gave [[en|urgent]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of weighing down.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of pressing, insisting and urging.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of pressing an enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1550s – English ''urge'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To press, squeeze; to weigh down.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To push, thrust; to drive on, impel.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To bear hard on, [[m|en|oppress]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To press hard in attack or pursuit; to beset.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To hem in; to threaten, be imminent.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To ply with demands; to press (an argument); to insist on.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|urge]] to act; to hurry.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To press on with; to follow up.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[adurgeō]]

+ * [[exurgeō]]

+ * [[inurgeō]]

+ * [[perurgeō]]

+ * [[suburgeō]]

+ * [[superurgeō]]

+ * [[urgēns]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|urge]]

+ * [[en|urgent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}