sustineo Latin · revision 8098
16 Oct 2026, 15:23 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la teneō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [sʊsˈtɪ.ne.oː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [susˈtiː.ne.o]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''sustineō''' (present infinitive sustinēre, perfect active sustinuī, supine sustentum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+ A Pompeian inscription has ''supstenet''; the perfect and future participles seem not to be used.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[sub-]] “under, up” and [[teneō]] “to hold”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) The prefix has the form ⟨subs-⟩.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of holding up a load.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to hold up, support a load, as in Plautus, and in Ennius to maintain a state of things.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant to keep a person from giving way, to withstand an attack, and to shoulder a task or cost.^(OLD 2012) In Ovid it meant to have the strength to do something, from Plautus to put up with an evil, and in Lucilius to hold back, check.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to endure, sustain, undergo, wait upon, support, maintain.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''sostenere'', French ''soutenir'' and Spanish ''sostener'', and through Old French it gave [[en|sustain]] in the late 13th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of holding up and enduring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of maintaining.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of withstanding and shouldering.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 13th century – English ''sustain'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To hold up, [[m|en|support]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To maintain, preserve.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To [[m|en|sustain]] (a person); to withstand.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To shoulder (a task, a cost).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To have the strength (to do something).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To put up with, [[m|en|endure]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To hold back, check.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[sustentō]]
+ * [[sustentus]]
+ * [[sustinentia]]
+ * [[sustinēbilis]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[abstineō]]
+ * [[attineō]]
+ * [[circumteneō]]
+ * [[contineō]]
+ * [[dētineō]]
+ * [[distineō]]
+ * [[obtineō]]
+ * [[pertineō]]
+ * [[retineō]]
+ * [[teneō]]
+ * [[en|sustain]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}