proles Latin · revision 8071

16 Oct 2026, 15:23 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la alō}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈproː.ɫeːs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈprɔː.les]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''prōlēs''' ''f'' (genitive prōlis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[prō-]] “forth” and ⟨*-olēs⟩ “growth”, as in [[subolēs]] and [[indolēs]], from the root of [[adolēscō]] “to grow up”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Cicero, whom he dates 81–43 BC, and Cicero and Quintilian considered the word poetic.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant offspring, progeny, of people and animals, as in Cicero, and the offspring of one age, a generation.^(OLD 2012) In Lucretius it meant a race, breed, usually in poetic phrases.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''stirps'', ''genus'' and ''gēns'' look back to the ancestors, while ''prōgeniēs'', ''prōpāgō'' and ''prōlēs'' look forward to the descendants.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant offspring, a child.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for offspring, a descendant, and of Christ as the Son of God.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian and Spanish ''prole''.^(Wiktionary) Its derivative ''prōlētārius'', a citizen of the lowest class, who served the state only with his offspring, gave [[en|proletarian]] in the 1650s.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of offspring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of a race.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1650s – English ''proletarian'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # [[m|en|Offspring]], [[m|en|progeny]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A generation.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A race, breed.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[imprōlis]]
+ * [[improlus]]
+ * [[prōlētāneus]]
+ * [[prōlētārius]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[subolēs]]
+ * [[adolēscō]]
+ * [[en|proletarian]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein distinguishes it from [[stirps]], [[genus]] and [[prōgeniēs]].^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}