deficio Latin · revision 8054

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cato|origins=la faciō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [deːˈfɪ.ki.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [deˈfiː.t͡ʃi.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēficiō''' (present infinitive dēficere, perfect active dēfēcī, supine dēfectum); third (-iō variant) conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ An old formula in Livy has the perfect subjunctive ''dēfexit''; the passive is supplied partly by ''dēfīō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[dē-]] “away” and [[faciō]] “to do, make”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Cato, of revolting.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Cato it meant to fall away, revolt, and Caesar has ''ab aliquō dēficere'' “to desert someone”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Lucilius it meant to be lacking, run short, and in Horace of a supply to give out.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero things fail someone, and in the passive someone is left without something.^(OLD 2012) In Virgil it meant to lose strength, and of winds to drop; in Ovid to die and to fade out; in Terence to falter at a task.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to fail, faint, be wanting, pine for, vanish.^(Stelten 1995) Its participle ''dēficiēns'' gave [[en|deficient]] in the 1580s, and its noun ''dēfectus'' “failure, revolt” gave [[en|defect]] in the early 15th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of revolting.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of running short.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of things failing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''defect'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To fall away, [[m|en|revolt]], desert.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fail, leave short; in the passive, to lack.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To run short, give out.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To weaken; to die; to fade out; to subside.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To falter.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfectiō]]

+ * [[dēfectīvus]]

+ * [[dēfector]]

+ * [[defectrix]]

+ * [[dēfectus]]

+ * [[indēfectus]]

+ * [[indēficiēns]]

+ * [[subdēficiō]]

+ * [[dēfectibilis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[afficiō]]

+ * [[cōnficiō]]

+ * [[efficiō]]

+ * [[faciō]]

+ * [[īnficiō]]

+ * [[interficiō]]

+ * [[officiō]]

+ * [[perficiō]]

+ * [[praeficiō]]

+ * [[prōficiō]]

+ * [[en|defect]]

+ * [[en|deficient]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}