pruina Latin · revision 8049
16 Oct 2026, 15:10 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited, derivation|attested=Pacuvius|origins=ine-pro *prus-u̯o-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [pruˈiː.na]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [pruˈiː.na]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''pruīna''' ''f'' (genitive pruīnae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*prus-wo-|t=freezing]], from [[ine-pro|*prus-u̯o-|t=sprinkling, drop]], with the adjective suffix ⟨-īna⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) De Vaan follows Hamp's account of the sound changes, ⟨*prusu̯īna⟩ > ⟨*prurwīna⟩ > ⟨*pruwīna⟩ > ⟨*prūīna⟩ > ⟨pruīna⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) The nominal base is kept in [[sa|प्रुष्वा|tr=pruṣvā́|t=drop of dew, hoar frost]], and the verb behind it in Germanic, as in [[en|freeze]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is related to [[prūriō]] “to itch” and [[prūna]] “live coal”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Isidore explains the word from the Greek ⟨pyr⟩ “fire”, since frost burns like fire.^(Isidore)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan's first attestation is Pacuvius, whom Köbler dates 220–130 BC.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler's own first source is Cato.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant hoar frost, rime, as in Lucretius and Cicero, who has the plural ''pruīnae ac nivēs'' “frosts and snows”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Virgil it was used of snow, and by extension of winter.^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ British Medieval Latin used it for frozen dew, hoar frost.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''brina'' and French ''bruine'', and learned forms such as French and Spanish ''pruine'', ''pruína'' name the waxy bloom on fruit.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the plural of frosts.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of snow and winter.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # [[m|en|Hoarfrost]], [[m|en|rime]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # Snow; winter.^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[pruīnōsus]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[prūriō]]
+ * [[prūna]]
+ * [[en|freeze]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}