externus Latin · revision 8003

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=la ex}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛkˈstɛr.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ekˈstɛr.nus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''externus''' (feminine externa, neuter externum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[exter]] “outward” with the suffix [[-nus]], like [[supernus]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) Priscian derived it from the adverb [[extrā]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', which he dates 86/82 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant situated outside, external, ''mare externum'' the ocean, as Cicero's warmth not to be thought external and adventitious.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Cicero it meant not belonging to the thing, extraneous, not intrinsic, and foreign, from abroad, and as a noun a foreigner.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Ovid it meant belonging to a stranger.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''exterus'' and ''externus'' denote a foreigner living abroad, while ''peregrīnus'' and ''advena'' denote one staying for a time.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant belonging to another, external.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for foreign, alien, and as a noun a foreigner.^(DMLBS) It was borrowed into Italian ''esterno'' and French ''externe'', and [[en|external]] came in the early 15th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the external and the foreign.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of a stranger's possessions.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''external'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Outside, [[m|en|external]], ''mare externum'', the ocean.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Extraneous; not intrinsic.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Foreign; as a noun, a foreigner.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[externālis]]

+ * [[externātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exterior]]

+ * [[exterius]]

+ * [[exterus]]

+ * [[extimus]]

+ * [[extrēmum]]

+ * [[extrēmus]]

+ * [[exter]]

+ * [[en|external]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes it from [[peregrīnus]] and [[advena]], a sojourner.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}