desperatus Latin · revision 7969

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la spēs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [deːs.peːˈraː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [des.peˈraː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēspērātus''' (feminine dēspērāta, neuter dēspērātum, comparative dēspērātior, superlative dēspērātissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the perfect passive participle of [[dēspērō]] “to despair”, from [[dē-]] and [[spērō]] “to hope”, used as an adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero, of what affords no hope.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant affording little hope, desperate, hopeless, as Cicero's ''dēspērātī morbī'' “hopeless diseases”, and in Nepos of persons in a desperate state or desperately ill.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Cicero it also meant reckless from despair.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It was borrowed into Italian as ''disperato'' and Spanish ''desperado'', and [[en|desperate]] came about 1400, first of persons, “despairing”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of hopeless diseases.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 100–24 BC – Nepos uses it of persons in despair.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – English ''desperate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Hopeless, [[m|en|desperate]]; desperately ill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Reckless from despair.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēspērō]]

+ * [[spēs]]

+ * [[en|desperate]]

+ * [[en|desperado]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}