offensa Latin · revision 7908

16 Oct 2026, 14:48 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la offendō}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɔfˈfẽː.sa]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ofˈfɛn.sa]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''offēnsa''' ''f'' (genitive offēnsae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from the past participle of [[offendō]] “to strike against”, formed like [[repulsa]] from ⟨repellō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Cicero, of an affront.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Propertius; he dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant striking against an obstacle, a collision, as in Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder's ''nūllā dentium offēnsā'' “with no resistance to the teeth”, and in Celsus an attack of pain.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Columella it meant injury, harm.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant an affront to someone's feelings, in Seneca a wrong done to a person, in Juvenal a transgression, and in Petronius resentment.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ Medieval Latin used it for an offence, trespass, and sin.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian ''offesa'' and Spanish ''ofensa'', and with Old French ''offense'' it lies behind [[en|offense]], recorded in the late 14th century, “hurt, harm; breach of the law”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of an affront.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of a collision.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''offense'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A collision, knock.^(OLD 2012)
+ # An attack of pain.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Injury, harm.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A wrong; a transgression, [[m|en|offense]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # An affront; resentment.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A sin.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[offendō]]
+ * [[offēnsiō]]
+ * [[en|offense]]
+ * [[en|offend]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}