examino Latin · revision 7858
16 Oct 2026, 14:35 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la exigō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛkˈsaː.mɪ.noː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [eɡˈzaː.mi.no]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''exāminō''' (present infinitive exāmināre, perfect active exāmināvī, supine exāminātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[exāmen]] “swarm; tongue of a balance” with the verb suffix [[-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Caesar, of weighing, and Cicero, of balancing.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC and Caesar about 50 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ In Columella it meant of bees to swarm.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Caesar it meant to weigh, as his iron bars of a fixed weight used as money, and in Cicero to balance, put in equilibrium.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Quintilian it meant to consider critically, examine.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to test, try, weigh, refine, purify, ponder, consider.^(Stelten 1995) In the swarming sense it survives in Spanish ''enjambrar'' and Portuguese ''enxamear'', and it was borrowed into French ''examiner'', and [[en|examine]] came about 1300, first of questioning someone's competence, ''exāminātiō'' gave [[en|examination]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of balancing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of weighing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it of examining.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 1300 – English ''examine'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # Of bees, to [[m|en|swarm]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To weigh.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To balance.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To consider critically, [[m|en|examine]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[exāminātiō]]
+ * [[examinator]]
+ * [[examinatrix]]
+ * [[inexaminatus]]
+ * [[exāminātus]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[exāmen]]
+ * [[exigō]]
+ * [[en|examine]]
+ * [[en|examination]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}