calumnior Latin · revision 7848
16 Oct 2026, 14:35 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=la calvor}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [kaˈɫʊm.ni.ɔr]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kaˈlum.ni.or]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''calumnior''' (present infinitive calumniārī, perfect active calumniātus sum); first conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[calumnia]] “trickery, false accusation” with the verb suffix [[-or]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) The old spelling is ⟨kalumnior⟩, and an active ⟨calumniō⟩ is found in the Itala.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', of bringing false accusations.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates it 86/82 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to bring false accusations, as in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' and Cicero, as a means of obstruction, and to use legal chicanery.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Ulpian it meant to accuse falsely.^(OLD 2012) In Livy it meant to misrepresent, and in Cicero to criticize unfairly, find fault, and to be too hard on oneself.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to calumniate, oppress, accuse falsely, slander.^(Stelten 1995) Its participle gave [[en|calumniate]] in the 1550s, and through Vulgar Latin ''*calumniāre'' and Old French ''chalongier'' it gave its doublet [[en|challenge]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it of false accusation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of legal chicanery.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it of accusing falsely.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1550s – English ''calumniate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To bring false accusations; to use legal [[m|en|chicanery]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To accuse falsely.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To misrepresent.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To criticize unfairly, [[m|en|cavil]] at.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[calumniātor]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[calumnia]]
+ * [[calumniātrīx]]
+ * [[calumniōsē]]
+ * [[calumniōsus]]
+ * [[calvor]]
+ * [[en|calumniate]]
+ * [[en|challenge]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}