refundo Latin · revision 7820
16 Oct 2026, 14:34 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la fundō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [rɛˈfʊn.doː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [reˈfun.do]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''refundō''' (present infinitive refundere, perfect active refūdī, supine refūsum); third conjugation, third person-only in the passive^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[re-]] “back” and [[fundō]] “to pour”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Gaffiot's earliest citation is from Cicero, of vapours poured back, and the OLD's from Virgil.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to pour back, cause to flow back, as Virgil's sea beaten back, in the passive of rivers to overflow, flood, and of an action to recoil on someone.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Lewis and Short call it mostly poetic and post-Augustan.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Celsus it meant to sink back, and to extend away, and in Pliny the Elder to melt, thaw.^(OLD 2012) In Ulpian it meant to give back, restore, refund.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to pour out, pour back, restore.^(Stelten 1995) Old French ''refunder'' and the Latin gave [[en|refund]] in the early 15th century, first “to pass on”, and earlier “to pour back”.^(Etymonline) Wiktionary also lists [[en|refuse]] among its descendants.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of vapours poured back.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a flood.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it of refunding.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * early 15th century – English ''refund'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To pour back; to flood; to recoil on.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To sink back; to extend away.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To melt, [[m|en|thaw]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To give back, [[m|en|refund]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[refusio]]
+ * [[refusorius]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[fundō]]
+ * [[en|refund]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}