exercitium Latin · revision 7797

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Sallust|origins=la arceō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛk.sɛrˈkɪ.ti.ũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [eɡ.zerˈt͡ʃit.t͡si.um]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exercitium''' ''n'' (genitive exercitiī or exercitī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[exerceō]] “to keep busy, train” with the suffix [[-ium]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short call it post-Augustan, absent in Cicero and Caesar, but cite a fragment of Sallust, preserved by Vegetius, on preparing soldiers by frequent exercises.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Sallust 86–34 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant exercise, training, practice, as Tacitus' cavalry drills, and in Gellius written exercises.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Pliny the Elder it meant proficiency, skill.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for handling a tool, work, and for moral practice, asceticism, spiritual exercise.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian ''esercizio'' and Portuguese ''exercício'', and Old French ''exercice'' gave [[en|exercise]] in the mid-14th century, “practice for the sake of training”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it of military exercises.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of drill.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius uses it of written exercises.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English ''exercise'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Exercise]], training, practice; written exercises.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Proficiency, skill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A spiritual exercise; [[m|en|asceticism]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exerceō]]

+ * [[exercitus]]

+ * [[en|exercise]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}