surrender English · revision 7769

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1423|origins=fro surrendre}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /səˈren.də/, US /səˈren.dɚ/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|xno|surrender]], from Old French [[m|fro|surrendre|t=to give up, deliver over]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) from sur-, over, and rendre, to give back (see [[render]]).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024) The noun is the French infinitive used as a noun, and the verb was formed from it.^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In law, a giving up of an estate or interest in property: the noun 1423, the verb 1441 (surrendouren).^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ NODE notes that it was chiefly legal at first.^(NODE 1998) The spelling surrender appears in Middle English in 1473.^(Barnhart 1988) The giving of someone into lawful custody is from the late 15th century,^(Etymonline) and the giving up of something or oneself into another's power from about 1485.^(OED 1989) To give oneself up, especially as a prisoner, is from the 1580s.^(Etymonline) The surrender of letters patent is from 1557, surrender to bail from 1710, and a bankrupt's surrender of his property from 1745.^(OED 1989) In Banffshire Scots a surrender was speed, a great rate.^(Wright 1898)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1423 – the noun, in law.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1441 – the verb.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1473 – spelling surrender.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1485 – giving up into another's power.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1580s – to give oneself up.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give up possession or control of something to another under pressure.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To give oneself up, as to an enemy.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To give up in favour of another; to [[relinquish]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To give oneself over to an emotion or influence.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act of surrendering.^(AHD)

+ # ''(law)'' The delivery of a person into legal custody, or the giving up of an estate.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[surrenderer]]

+ * [[unsurrendered]]

+ * [[unsurrendering]]

+ * [[nonsurrender]]

+ * [[presurrender]]

+ * [[prosurrender]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[render]]

+ * [[rendition]]

+ * [[rent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}