acidus Latin · revision 7743
16 Oct 2026, 14:21 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂eḱ-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈa.kɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.t͡ʃi.dus]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''acidus''' (feminine acida, neuter acidum, comparative acidior, superlative acidissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[aceō]] “to be sour” with the suffix [[-idus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) Köbler and Etymonline trace it to [[ine-pro|*h₂eḱ-|t=sharp]].^(Köbler 2010)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The TLL and Lewis and Short cite Plautus' superlative ''acidissumum acētum'' “the sourest vinegar”.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant sour, tart, acid, as Virgil's sour rowan berries and Horace's elecampane, and in Lucilius of breath sour-smelling.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Martial it meant soaked in vinegar, and in Vitruvius ''acida'' were acid substances as solvents.^(OLD 2012) In Petronius it meant grating, shrill, in Seneca sharp-tongued, and in Horace and Apuleius disagreeable.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant sour, tart, harsh, sharp.^(Stelten 1995) It was borrowed into Italian as ''acido'' and French ''acide'', and through French or directly it gave [[en|acid]] in the 1620s.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''acidissumum acētum''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of sour berries.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of the sharp-tongued.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1620s – English ''acid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Sour, tart, [[m|en|acid]]; sour-smelling.^(OLD 2012)
+ # As a neuter plural noun, acid substances.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Grating, shrill.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Sharp-tongued.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Disagreeable.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[aciditās]]
+ * [[acidulus]]
+ * [[subacidus]]
+ * [[dulcacidus]]
+ * [[salmacidus]]
+ * [[acidē]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[aceō]]
+ * [[acētum]]
+ * [[ācer]]
+ * [[en|acid]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}