harena Latin · revision 767

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [haˈreː.na]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [aˈrɛː.na]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''harēna''' ''f'' (genitive harēnae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Of unknown origin.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) Varro reports an older form [[m|la|asēna]] and a Sabine form [[m|la|fasēna]],^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) and Wiktionary relates these to [[ett|faśena|t=sand; ashes]], suggesting an Etruscan source.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan notes that the suffix may reflect an adjective in [[m|ine-pro|*-es-no-]] or a derivation from a verb in -ē-, but finds no etymology.^(de Vaan 2008) Ancient grammarians explained the spelling with ''h'' from [[haereo|alt=haerēre]] “to stick” or [[haurio|alt=haurīre]] “to drink in”, and the form without it from [[areo|alt=ārēre]] “to be dry”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is attested from Cato onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who lists [[m|en|sand]] with stone and lime among building materials.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Besides sand itself, the word named the sandy shore and sandy deserts.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Because the floor of the amphitheatre was strewn with sand, ''harena'' came to mean that floor, the place of gladiatorial fights, and then the shows held there.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From the 1st century AD it was used for any scene of struggle, as when Pliny the Younger calls the centumviral court ''harena mea''.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder uses it also for urinary gravel.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The spelling without ''h'' was common, and it is the source of [[en|arena]].^(Georges 1913)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it for building sand.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero writes of barbarians taking blows ''in harena''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it for the beach.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Lucan calls Italy the ''harena'' of civil war.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of kidney gravel.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|sand|alt=Sand]], or (in the plural) grains of sand.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The sandy [[m|en|shore]], the beach.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A sandy tract, a [[m|en|desert]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # The floor of the [[m|en|amphitheatre]], the [[m|en|arena]]; the shows held there.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' The scene of any struggle or dispute.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(medicine)'' Urinary [[m|en|gravel]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exharēnō]]

+ * [[harēnāceus]]

+ * [[harēnārius]]

+ * [[harēnātiō]]

+ * [[harēnātus]]

+ * [[harēnifodīna]]

+ * [[harēnivagus]]

+ * [[harēnōsus]]

+ * [[harēnula]]

+ * [[arēnāceus]]

+ * [[harēnāria]]

+ * [[harēnārium]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|arena]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Aulus Gellius reports that Caesar criticised the plural ''harenae'' as a fault of language, though poets used it.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Georges and Gaffiot list the word under ''arena''.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}