crystallum Latin · revision 7650

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Cinna|origins=grc κρύος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [krysˈtal.lũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [krisˈtal.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crystallum''' ''n'' (genitive crystallī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned [[bor|grc|κρύσταλλος|tr=krústallos|t=ice]], from [[m|grc|κρύος|tr=krúos|t=frost]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Feminine forms ⟨crystallus⟩, ⟨crystallos⟩ are found in Cinna, Propertius, Lucan and Pliny the Elder, and the reason for the neuter is unknown.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is also spelled ⟨crustallum⟩.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Cinna, with the feminine form, and Propertius, of rock crystal.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Propertius 57/46–12 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant rock crystal, which the ancients believed to be ice condensed, as in Propertius, Seneca and Pliny the Elder.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Seneca it also meant ice, as in the ''Priapea''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Apuleius it meant crystal ware, and in the plural crystal cups.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant crystal.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for ice, rock crystal, a burning glass and a gazing crystal.^(DMLBS) It was borrowed into Italian as ''cristallo'', and through Old French ''cristal'' it gave Old English ''cristal'' “clear ice”, whence [[en|crystal]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it of rock crystal.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of ice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of crystal cups.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Old English – ''cristal'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Ice]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Rock [[m|en|crystal]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Crystal ware; crystal cups.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|crystal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}