zelus Latin · revision 7639
16 Oct 2026, 14:18 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Vitruvius|origins=grc ζῆλος}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈzeː.ɫʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈd͡zɛː.lus]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''zēlus''' ''m'' (genitive zēlī); second declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[bor|grc|ζῆλος|tr=zêlos|t=zeal, rivalry]], which Köbler, after Frisk, takes as probably related to [[m|grc|ζητέω|tr=zētéō|t=to seek]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's and Lewis and Short's earliest citation is from Vitruvius, of jealousy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Vitruvius c. 84–c. 25 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant a spirit of rivalry or emulation, jealousy, as in Vitruvius, and later zeal, ardour, as in Prudentius, Ausonius, Jerome and the Vulgate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant zeal, jealousy, emulation.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for hatred, envy, jealousy.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian ''zelo'', French ''zèle'' and Spanish ''celo'', and [[en|zeal]] came in the late 14th century from Late Latin ''zelus''.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Medieval Latin ''zelōsus'' gave [[en|zealous]], and Old French ''jalos'' from it gave [[en|jealous]] about 1200.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of jealousy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 383–419/420 AD – Jerome uses it of zeal.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 1200 – English ''jealous'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ * late 14th century – English ''zeal'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # Rivalry, emulation; [[m|en|jealousy]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Late Latin)'' [[m|en|Zeal]], ardour.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Hatred, envy.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[zēlivira]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[zēlanter]]
+ * [[zēlātor]]
+ * [[zēlō]]
+ * [[zēlōsus]]
+ * [[zēlōtes]]
+ * [[zēlotypa]]
+ * [[zēlotypia]]
+ * [[zēlotypus]]
+ * [[en|zeal]]
+ * [[en|zealous]]
+ * [[en|jealous]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}