rudus Latin · revision 7621

16 Oct 2026, 14:18 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Lucilius|origins=ine-pro *Hrew-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈruː.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈruː.dus]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''rūdus''' ''n'' (genitive rūderis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ Its origin is uncertain; the OLD calls it doubtful.^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary and Köbler derive it from [[ine-pro|*Hrew-|t=to tear up, dig up]] and relate it to [[rudis]] “rough”.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)^(Etymonline) Wiktionary alternatively relates it to [[raudus]] “lump of ore”, of substrate origin.^(Wiktionary) Isidore says builders call broken stones mixed with lime ⟨rūdus⟩.^(Isidore)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Lucilius, of rubble.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Vitruvius; he dates Lucilius c. 180–102 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant broken stones, rubble, from decayed buildings or digging, as in Lucilius and Tacitus' rubble after the fire of Rome, and in Varro and Columella a rubbly soil, marl.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Vitruvius it meant broken stone mixed with lime for laying pavements, concrete, also used for roofing.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ 
+ British Medieval Latin used it for rubble, debris, rubbly soil and cobblestones.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''rudere'' “ruin”.^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of rubble.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of rubbly soil.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of paving concrete.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of rubble after a fire.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # Broken stones, [[m|en|rubble]]; rubbly soil.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Broken stone for paving, [[m|en|concrete]].^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[ērūderō]]
+ * [[rūdectus]]
+ * [[rūderārius]]
+ * [[rūderātiō]]
+ * [[rūderātus]]
+ * [[rūderālis]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[rudis]]
+ * [[en|rude]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ A different ''rūdus'' is a variant of [[raudus]], a lump of bronze.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}