periculum Latin · revision 7583

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *per-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [pɛˈriː.kʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [peˈriː.ku.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perīculum''' ''n'' (genitive perīculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from an unattested verb ⟨*perior⟩ “to try”, seen in [[experior]] and [[perītus]], with the suffix [[-culum]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Wiktionary derives it from a Proto-Italic ⟨*per-ei-klom⟩, from an ⟨i⟩-present of [[ine-pro|*perh₃-|t=to go through, attempt]], and the OLD compares [[grc|πεῖρα|tr=peîra|t=trial]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) The contracted ⟨perīclum⟩ is regular in the comic poets and frequent in later poetry.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of a trial and of danger.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a test, trial, proof, usually ''perīculum facere'' “to make trial of”, as in Plautus and Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From Plautus it meant liability to harm, danger, and in Cicero the situation of a party in a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012) From Terence it meant the responsibility for a loss, liability, ''meō perīculō'' “at my own risk”.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein contrasts ''perīclitārī'', to make trial boldly despite the danger, with ''tentāre'', to test from a wish to know.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant danger, trial, peril, attempt, experiment.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used ''perīculum animae'' for damnation, and ''perīculum gradūs'' for loss of rank.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in French ''péril'', Spanish ''peligro'' and Portuguese ''perigo'', and Old French ''peril'' gave [[en|peril]] about 1200.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a trial and of danger.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of liability.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a party at law.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''peril'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A test, trial, proof, ''perīculum facere'', to make trial.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Danger]], peril.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The situation of a party in a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Liability]], risk, ''meō perīculō'', at my own risk.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' ''perīculum animae'', [[m|en|damnation]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perīclitor]]

+ * [[perīculor]]

+ * [[perīculōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[perīclitābundus]]

+ * [[perīclitātiō]]

+ * [[perīculōsē]]

+ * [[experior]]

+ * [[perītus]]

+ * [[en|peril]]

+ * [[en|perilous]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}