caulis Latin · revision 7572

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Cato|origins=ine-pro *keh₂ulis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkau̯.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkaːu̯.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''caulis''' ''m'' (genitive caulis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[ine-pro|*keh₂ulis|t=straight stalk]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Cognate with [[grc|καυλός|tr=kaulós|t=stem]], [[lv|kauls|t=bone]] and [[sga|cúal|t=bundle of sticks]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) Köbler instead takes it as a loan from the Greek word.^(Köbler 2010) It is also spelled ⟨cōlis⟩, as in Cato, Varro and the best manuscripts of Horace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Cato, of a stalk.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Pliny the Elder; he dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the stalk or stem of a plant, as Cato's cabbage stalks, and in Varro a cabbage or similar vegetable, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Lucilius it meant the penis, and in Pliny the Elder the stem of a tail, the quill of a feather, and an insect's ovipositor.^(OLD 2012) Isidore says it is the middle stalk of herbs or vegetables, whence specially a kind of vegetable.^(Isidore)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for a sprout, cabbage, kale, colewort.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''cavolo'', French ''chou'' and Spanish ''col'', and late Old English ''cawel'' from it gave [[en|cole]]; [[en|caulis]] is an architectural term from the 1560s.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of stalks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of the penis.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of a cabbage.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of a quill.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A stalk, stem.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A [[m|en|cabbage]], lettuce or similar vegetable.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The penis.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The stem of a tail; a [[m|en|quill]]; an ovipositor.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cauliculus]]

+ * [[multicaulis]]

+ * [[ūnicaulis]]

+ * [[cauliculatus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|cole]]

+ * [[en|cauliflower]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}