machina Latin · revision 7568

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Ennius|origins=grc μηχανή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmaː.kʰɪ.na]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmaː.ki.na]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''māchina''' ''f'' (genitive māchinae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc-dor|μαχανά|tr=makhaná|t=machine, contrivance]], the Doric form of Attic [[grc|μηχανή|tr=mēkhanḗ]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Wiktionary calls it a very early borrowing, since Greek ⟨a⟩ was reduced to ⟨i⟩.^(Wiktionary) Köbler compares [[ine-pro|*megʰ-|t=to be able]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Ennius, of a siege engine.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a siege engine, as in Ennius, and in Plautus figuratively a scheme.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant a machine for moving weights, a crane, and in Vitruvius a revolving stage, a mill and a scaffolding.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Cicero it also meant the platform where slaves were displayed for sale, in Livy a cage for torture, and in Columella a stall for treating cattle.^(OLD 2012) From Lucretius it meant a structure, the fabric of the universe, ''mōlēs et māchina mundī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a machine, device, fabric, frame, mechanism, structure.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for a millstone.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian ''macina'', and through Middle French ''machine'' it gave [[en|machine]] in the 1540s, first “structure”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of a siege engine.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of the fabric of the world.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a crane.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of a mill and a revolving stage.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English ''machine'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|machine]], apparatus.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A [[m|en|crane]], windlass; a revolving stage; a mill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A siege engine; figuratively, a scheme.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A scaffolding; a slave-dealer's platform.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A cage; a cattle stall.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A structure; the fabric of the universe.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|millstone]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[māchinālis]]

+ * [[māchinārius]]

+ * [[māchinātus]]

+ * [[māchinor]]

+ * [[māchinōsus]]

+ * [[māchinula]]

+ * [[māchinō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|machine]]

+ * [[en|mechanic]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}