exerceo Latin · revision 7559

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la arceō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛkˈsɛr.ke.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [eɡˈzɛr.t͡ʃe.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exerceō''' (present infinitive exercēre, perfect active exercuī, supine exercitum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[ex-]] “out” and [[arceō]] “to enclose, keep off”, as Cassiodorus already said.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Lewis and Short take its first sense as to drive on, keep at work.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of keeping busy.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to keep busy, occupy, as in Plautus, and in Catullus to harass, trouble.^(OLD 2012) From Cato it meant to put to use, and in Virgil to cultivate land, work mines, and spend time.^(OLD 2012) In Lucretius it meant to keep in motion, as atoms stirred by constant movement.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From Ennius it meant to exercise the body, and in Cicero to train by practice, in Caesar of troops.^(OLD 2012) It meant to exercise feelings or power, as in Sallust, to carry on an activity, as in Accius, to run a business, and to administer law, as in Varro.^(OLD 2012) In Tacitus it meant to lend at interest, and in Cicero to levy taxes.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to exercise, practise, meditate, pray, work at, occupy.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in French ''exercer'' and Spanish ''ejercer'', and its noun ''exercitium'' gave [[en|exercise]] in the mid-14th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of keeping busy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of putting to use.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of training and of levying taxes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of lending at interest.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English ''exercise'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To train; to [[m|en|exercise]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To keep busy; to harass.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To use, work; to [[m|en|cultivate]]; to spend (time).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To exercise (feelings, power).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To keep in motion, stir.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To lend at interest.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To carry on, practise; to run (a business).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To administer (law); to prosecute (an action).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To levy (taxes).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exercibilis]]

+ * [[exercitiō]]

+ * [[exercitium]]

+ * [[exercitō]]

+ * [[exercitor]]

+ * [[exercitus]]

+ * [[inexercitus]]

+ * [[exercitē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abarceō]]

+ * [[aberceō]]

+ * [[arceō]]

+ * [[coërceō]]

+ * [[exercitāmentum]]

+ * [[exercitātē]]

+ * [[exercitātiō]]

+ * [[exercitātor]]

+ * [[exercitātōrius]]

+ * [[exercitātrīx]]

+ * [[en|exercise]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}