dux Latin · revision 7546

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *dewk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈdʊks]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈduks]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dux''' ''m'' or f (genitive ducis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[dūcō]] “to lead”, formed like [[rēx]] from [[regō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) Varro already explained it as one who knows how to lead.^(TLL) It is usually masculine, but feminine in apposition to feminine nouns.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Ennius, whom he dates 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of a leader in an action.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant one who leads the way, a guide, as Caesar's guides and Cicero's nature followed as a guide, and in Catullus what ushers something in.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Virgil it meant the driver of a chariot or of flocks.^(OLD 2012) From Plautus it meant the leader of an action or policy, and in Cicero the chief of a party.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant a leader in war, a general, and the commander of a fleet, in Ovid the emperor, and in Varro the leader of animals.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a guide, leader, captain, duke, commander.^(Stelten 1995) In Late Latin it meant the commander of a frontier army, often also governor of a province, and in Medieval Latin a duke.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Etymonline) Through Old French ''duc'' it gave [[en|duke]] in the early 12th century, and Venetian ''doge'' gave [[en|doge]] in the 1540s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a leader.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a guide and of a general.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of the emperor.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 12th century – English ''duke'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|guide]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A driver (of a chariot, of flocks).^(OLD 2012)

+ # A leader; the chief of a party.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A [[m|en|general]], commander; an admiral; the emperor.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' The commander of a frontier army.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|duke]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ducālis]]

+ * [[ducianus]]

+ * [[archidux]]

+ * [[condux]]

+ * [[ducātus]]

+ * [[trādux]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[archiducātus]]

+ * [[dūcō]]

+ * [[ēdūcō]]

+ * [[en|duke]]

+ * [[en|doge]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}