calumnia Latin · revision 7528

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Lex repetundarum|origins=la calvor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kaˈɫʊm.ni.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kaˈlum.ni.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calumnia''' ''f'' (genitive calumniae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to the old verb [[calvor]] “to deceive”.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Etymonline)^(Isidore) De Vaan derives it from ⟨*kalwomno-⟩ “deceiving”, an archaic mediopassive participle, according to Wiktionary.^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[grc|κηλέω|tr=kēléō|t=to bewitch]] and [[ang|hōlian|t=to slander]], and Köbler [[ine-pro|*kēl-|t=to beguile]].^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The old spelling is ⟨kalumnia⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Isidore defines it as a quarrel over another's suit, named from ⟨calvere⟩ “to deceive”.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is the Lex repetundarum of 123/122 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant trickery, chicanery, as Cicero's matter drawn out by the trickery of Lentulus' enemies.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) In law it meant a false accusation, vexatious proceedings, ''calumniam iūrāre'' to swear that one is not suing vexatiously, and a conviction for this.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant a false claim, obstruction by baseless objections, and quibbling criticism.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant calumny, oppression, false accusation.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for an insult, violence, a wrong, and a false claim, and British Medieval Latin for an objection or challenge.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) [[en|calumny]] came in the mid-15th century, and Vulgar Latin ''*calumniāre'' through Old French ''chalongier'' gave [[en|challenge]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 123/122 BC – The Lex repetundarum uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of vexatious accusation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''challenge'', ultimately from it, is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''calumny'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A false accusation; vexatious proceedings.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A false claim; obstruction.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Chicanery]], trickery; a sham.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Quibbling criticism.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A wrong; a [[m|en|challenge]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[calumniōsus]]

+ * [[calumnior]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calumniātor]]

+ * [[calumniātrīx]]

+ * [[calumniōsē]]

+ * [[calvor]]

+ * [[en|calumny]]

+ * [[en|challenge]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}