barbarus Latin · revision 7527

16 Oct 2026, 14:06 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Plautus|origins=grc βάρβαρος}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈbar.ba.rʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈbar.ba.rus]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''barbarus''' (feminine barbara, neuter barbarum, adverb barbarē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[bor|grc|βάρβαρος|tr=bárbaros|t=foreign, non-Greek]], an imitative word mocking unintelligible speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of what is foreign, Plautus using it jokingly of Romans as from a Greek standpoint.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant foreign, non-Greek from the Greek standpoint and in Roman use neither Greek nor Roman, and Plautus applies it to Romans and Italians, calling Naevius a ''poēta barbarus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From Cicero it meant uncivilized, uncouth, of speech incorrect, and in Martial of nature wild.^(OLD 2012) From Varro it meant cruel, savage.^(OLD 2012) As a noun, from Naevius, it meant a foreigner, and in Plautus a barbarian.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant foreign, strange, barbarian.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it of the vernacular as opposed to Latin.^(DMLBS) It was borrowed into Italian and Spanish as ''barbaro'', ''bárbaro''.^(Wiktionary) Etymonline reports a possible origin of Italian ''bravo'', whence [[en|brave]], in it.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the foreign.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it as a noun.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the uncivilized.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-14th century – English ''barbarian'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # [[m|en|Foreign]], non-Greek, non-Roman.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Uncivilized, uncouth; of speech, incorrect; wild.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Cruel, [[m|en|savage]].^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ===Noun===
+ # A foreigner.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|barbarian]].^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[barbara]]
+ * [[barbaricus]]
+ * [[sēmibarbarus]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[barbariēs]]
+ * [[barbarismus]]
+ * [[barbarīzō]]
+ * [[barbarolexis]]
+ * [[barbaria]]
+ * [[en|barbarian]]
+ * [[en|barbarous]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}