trunco Latin · revision 7501
16 Oct 2026, 13:58 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Livy|origins=la truncus}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtrʊŋ.kɔ]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtruŋ.ko]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''truncō''' (present infinitive truncāre, perfect active truncāvī, supine truncātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[truncus]] “trunk; maimed” with the verb suffix [[-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Lewis and Short call it mostly poetic and post-Augustan; their earliest prose examples are from Livy, of mutilated statues of the gods.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Livy 59 BC–17 AD.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to maim by cutting, mutilate, dismember, as Livy's statues and Tacitus' body hacked with wounds, to strip of branches or leaves, as Ovid's cabbage stripped of its leaves, and to shorten by chopping; in Seneca it meant to cut off a limb, amputate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Döderlein explains that ''truncāre'' is used of greater mutilations, cutting off arms, feet or the head, while ''mutilāre'' is used of smaller ones, a horn or a finger.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to mutilate, cut off, shorten, deprive.^(Stelten 1995) [[en|truncate]] was formed from the participle in the late 15th century, and Old French ''trenchier'', from a Vulgar Latin ''*trincāre'' held to come from it, gave [[en|trench]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of mutilated statues.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of stripping leaves.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of a body hacked with wounds.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 15th century – English ''truncate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To [[m|en|maim]], mutilate, dismember.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To strip of branches or leaves; to shorten by chopping.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To cut off, [[m|en|amputate]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[contruncō]]
+ * [[dētruncō]]
+ * [[distruncō]]
+ * [[obtruncō]]
+ * [[praetruncō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[trunculus]]
+ * [[truncus]]
+ * [[en|truncate]]
+ * [[en|trench]]
+
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein distinguishes it from [[mutilō]], which is used of lesser mutilations.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}